Diabetes Type 2

Type 2 diabetes

People who are middle-aged or older are most likely to get this kind of diabetes, so it used to be called adult-onset diabetes. But type 2 diabetes also affects kids and teens, mainly because of childhood obesity.

It’s the most common type of diabetes. There are about 29 million people in the U.S.

Type 2 diabetes can be caused by:

• Being overweight

• Eating a lot of foods or drinks with sugar and simple carbohydrates

• Artificial sweeteners (sugar free sodas, sugar free foods) intake

• Lack of activity (sedentary behavior)

• Lack of exercise

• Stress and stress hormones

• Genetics

The major symptom is often being overweight. Other symptoms and signs include:

• Excess thirst

• Urinating a lot

• Gaining or losing weight unintentionally

• Dark skin under armpits, chin, or groin

• Fatigue

• Unusual odor to urine

• Blurry vision

The prognosis for a person with this health condition is estimated to be a life expectancy of 10 years less than a person without diabetes.

Medication

If lifestyle changes don’t get you to your target blood sugar levels, you may need medication. Some of the most common for type 2 diabetes include:

• Metformin (Fortamet , Glucophage, Glumetza, Riomet). This is usually the first medication used to treat type 2 diabetes. It lowers the amount of glucose your liver makes and helps your body respond better to the insulin it does make.

• Sulfonylureas. This group of drugs helps your body make more insulin. They include glimepiride (Amaryl), glipizide (Glucotrol, Metaglip), and glyburide (DiaBeta, Micronase).

• Meglitinides. They help your body make more insulin, and they work faster than sulfonylureas. You might take nateglinide (Starlix) or repaglinide (Prandin).

• Thiazolidinediones. Like metformin, they make you more sensitive to insulin. You could get pioglitazone (Actos) or rosiglitazone (Avandia). But they also raise your risk of heart problems, so they aren’t usually a first choice for treatment.

• DPP-4 inhibitors. These medications -- linagliptin (Tradjenta), saxagliptin (Onglyza), and sitagliptin (Januvia) -- help lower your blood sugar levels, but they can also cause joint pain and could inflame your pancreas.

• GLP-1 receptor agonists. You take these medications with a needle to slow digestion and lower blood sugar levels. Some of the most common ones are exenatide (Byetta, Bydureon), liraglutide (Victoza), and semaglutide (Ozempic).

• SGLT2 inhibitors. These help your kidneys filter out more glucose. You might get canagliflozin (Invokana), dapagliflozin (Farxiga), or empagliflozin (Jardiance).

• Insulin. You might take long-lasting shots at night, such as insulin detemir (Levemir) or insulin glargine (Lantus).

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